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Introduction:Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, and various cancers of the vulva or vagina.[1]
Cervical cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of women worldwide. Thanks to the advances in medicine and based on research into this socially important pathology, a vaccine has been developed to prevent the disease from occurring. European guidelines focus on quality primary HPV Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer, genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, and various cancers of the vulva or vagina.[1]
Cervical cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of women worldwide. Thanks to the advances in medicine and based on research into this socially important pathology, a vaccine has been developed to prevent the disease from occurring. European guidelines focus on quality primary HPV testing, the organization of HPV-based and cytology screening programs and the implementation of vaccination programs against the papilloma virus. Countries with cervical cancer screening and prevention programs have seen reduced morbidity and mortality caused by this pathology.[2]
HPV infection is common, sexually transmitted, with infection with the virus usually occurring soon after first sexual contact.[3] In their study, Sandeva and Kuzmanov concentrated on the sexual behavior of a group of students and showed that sexual life begins relatively early, at around the age of 15, and that a significant percentage of girls engage in high-risk sexual behavior, which is a requirement for unintended pregnancy, STDs, HPV infection, and the development of PMH at a later stage.[4] Persistent infections with high-risk oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 can lead to the development of cervical cancer, even after several decades. Many new HPV infections occur in adolescents, but they can also occur in sexually active adults exposed to the virus from a new sexual partner.[1] Establishing a causal link between papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer is considered one of the most significant scientific advances that makes prevention of these cancers possible through vaccination.[5]
HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before exposure to HPV, and in early adolescence. Young girls remain the most important focus of the HPV vaccination program[1], and their parents should be targeted by public programs to raise awareness and create positive attitudes towards vaccinating their children.
Worldwide, a number of studies have focused on the attitudes and awareness of HPV and its associated viral load. These studies have found a low level of knowledge in the population regarding this pathology and the risk factors leading to the disease, which is a barrier to screening.[6] The authors recommend primary prevention of this type of cancer among schoolchildren.[7], the organization of HPV-based and cytology screening programs and the implementation of vaccination programs against the papilloma virus. Countries with cervical cancer screening and prevention programs have seen reduced morbidity and mortality caused by this pathology.[2]
HPV infection is common, sexually transmitted, with infection with the virus usually occurring soon after first sexual contact.[3] In their study, Sandeva and Kuzmanov concentrated on the sexual behavior of a group of students and showed that sexual life begins relatively early, at around the age of 15, and that a significant percentage of girls engage in high-risk sexual behavior, which is a requirement for unintended pregnancy, STDs, HPV infection, and the development of PMH at a later stage.[4] Persistent infections with high-risk oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 can lead to the development of cervical cancer, even after several decades. Many new HPV infections occur in adolescents, but they can also occur in sexually active adults exposed to the virus from a new sexual partner.[1] Establishing a causal link between papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer is considered one of the most significant scientific advances that makes prevention of these cancers possible through vaccination.[5]
HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before exposure to HPV, and in early adolescence. Young girls remain the most important focus of the HPV vaccination program[1], and their parents should be targeted by public programs to raise awareness and create positive attitudes towards vaccinating their children.
Worldwide, a number of studies have focused on the attitudes and awareness of HPV and its associated viral load. These studies have found a low level of knowledge in the population regarding this pathology and the risk factors leading to the disease, which is a barrier to screening.[6] The authors recommend primary prevention of this type of cancer among schoolchildren.[7]
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